How calculate rectangular water tank capacity in litters?
How calculate rectangular water tank capacity in litters?
We assume the dimensions of water tank length, breadth and depth.
Take value in feet,
Length (L) = 12”
Breadth (B) = 8”
Depth (H) = 6”
To find volume of water tank,
Volume = L X B X
H
= 12 X 8 X 6
= 576 cu.ft
To find 1 cu.ft water?
Density of water = 1000 kg/cu.m
1 cu.m = 1000 liters (1000kgs)
1 cu.m
= 35.3198 cu.ft
water in 1 cu.ft
= 1000/ 35.3198
= 28.31 liters.
So, weight of water = 576 x 28.31
= 16306.56
~ 16307 liters. (16307 kgs)
The capacity of rectangular water tank is
16307
liters.
What is foundation? Functions of foundation and Types of foundation?
What is foundation?
The foundation of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in
direct contact with the ground and transmitting loads to the ground. also
foundation known as substructure of the building.
Functions of foundation:
§ Evenly load Distribution of the structure
§ Reduction of load intensity
§ To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material
§ To increase stability of the structure
§ To safety against undermining
Types of foundation:
Foundations are classified in two types
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
1. Shallow foundation
a.
Isolated footing
b.
Combined footing strap footing
c.
Grillage footing
d. Mat or raft footing
2. Deep foundation
a.
Piles foundation
b.
Cofferdams
c. Caissons foundation
What are the Types of steel Reinforcement?
Types of steel Reinforcement
There are mainly using three types of reinforcement
1.
REBARS
2.
WIRE REINFORCEMENT
3.
PRESTRESSING STEEL
1.REBARS:
It has two types plain reinforcement, deformed reinforcement
Plain reinforcement:
1.
Mild steel bars
2.
Carbon steel bars
3.
Low – Alloy steel bars
Deformed reinforcement:
1.
Mild steel ribbed bars
2.
HYSD bars
a.
CTD bars
b.
TMT bars
3.
Carbon steel bars
4.
Low – Alloy steel bars
5.
Stainless steel bars
6.
Rail and Axle steel bars
7.
Galvanized steel bars
8.
Low carbon chromium bars
9.
Epoxy coated bars
2.WIRE REINFORCEMENT:
1.
Hard – Drawn steel wire fabrics
2.
Plain and deformed welded wire fabrics
3.
Epoxy coated steel wire and welded wires
4.
Stainless – steel wire and welded wire
3.PRESTRESSING STEEL
1.
Medium tensile steel bar
2.
High tensile steel bars
How calculate quantity of cement, sand and aggregate in 1m3 of concrete?
Concrete mix design for 1m3 of M20 grade concrete
SUMMARY:
1. volume of cement required for 1m3 concrete 403.2 kgs, 1 bag cement weight is 50kgs, so calculate number of cement bags required for 1m3 of concrete, total calculated cement weight divided by one bag cement weight.
number of cement bags consume = 403.2/ 50
= 8.06
~ 8
bags.
2. volume of sand required for 1m3 of concrete 672kgs, weight of 1 CFT
sand value is 43.30kgs,, so calculate number of CFT sand required,
Number of CFT = 672/43.30
= 15.51
= 16 cft.
3. volume of aggregate required for 1m3 of concrete 1356 Kgs, weight of 1 CFT
aggregate value is 68.15 kgs, so calculate number of CFT aggregate required,
Number of CFT = 1356/ 68.15
= 21.47
~ 21 cft.
WHAT ARE THE TESTS ON CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS?
TESTS OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Soil Test:
1. Compression test
2. Core Cutter Method
3. Permeability Test
4. Sand Replacement Method
5. Standard Penetration Test
6. Standard Proctor Test
7. Triaxial Shear test
Aggregate Test:
1. Abrasion test
2. Crushing test
3. Impact test
4. Soundness test
5. Specific gravity and water absorption test
Cement Test:
1. Consistency Test
2. Fineness Test
3. Setting Time Test
4. Soundness Test
5. Specific gravity Test
6. Strength Test
Bitumen Test:
1. Penetration Test
2. Ductility Test
3. Softening point Test
4. Specific Gravity Test
5. Viscosity Test
6. Flash and Float Test
Concrete Test:
Workability Test:
Measurement of workability
1. Slump Test (For medium - High Workability )
2. Compaction Factor Test (Very low Work ability)
3. Vee- Bee Test (Low - medium)
4. Flow Table Test (Very High Workability)
Destructive Test:
a. Compressive Strength Test
b. Tensile strength Test
Non Destructive Test:
c. Rebound hammer test
d. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Steel bar Test:
1. Bending test
2. Brinell hardness test
3. Compression test
4. Impact test
5. Rockwell hardness test
6. Tensile test
7. Torsion test
Tests on Bricks:
1. Crushing Strength Test
2. Hardness Test
3. Presence of Soluble salts or Efflorescence Test
4. Shape and Size Test
5. Soundness Test
6. Structure Test
7. Water Absorption Test
8. Colour Test
9. Impact Test
How calculate weight of the steel bar? How many steel rods in a bundle?
Steel using in construction work
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon material. It is improving strength in construction of building and engineering works.
What are the types of steel bars used in construction work?
Mostly there are 6 types of steel bars are using for construction work.
1. 8mm bar
2. 10mm bar
3. 12mm bar
4. 16mm bar
5. 20mm bar
6. 25mm bar
Mostly 8mm bar using for stirrups or ties in column and beams. Also 10mm bars are using in column and beam stirrups or ties.
|
NOTE: MINIMUM 12mm DIA OF BAR SHOULD BE USE IN COLUMNS
|
12mm bars and more than 12mm bars are using in main rod of column and beam.
How many steel rods in a bundle?
8mm rod bundle = 10 No`s
10mm rod bundle = 7 No`s
12mm rod bundle = 5 No`s
16mm rod bundle = 3 No`s
20mm rode bundle = 2 No`s
25mm rod bundle = 1 No`s
How calculate weight of the steel bar?
We are using basic formula to find out the weight of steel bar in meters.
W = D2L/ 162
Where,
D = diameter of the steel bar in millimeter
L = length of the steel bar in meter
The weight of steel bar will be varying depend on the density of steel and its brand.
Example:
For 1m weight of 8mm steel bar
Weight of 8mm steel bar = ((8x8) x 1)/ 162 = 0.39 kg/m
For 12m steel bar weight = 0.39 x 12 = 4.74kg.
|
NOTE: We know a formula to calculate the weight of steel bar W = D2.L/162. For feet to calculate the weight of reinforcement is W = D2/533 (Just convert meter into feet) We know the unit weight of steel rod is 7850 kg/m3
|
Weight of reinforcement for 1 meter bar
Ø 8mm bar = W = D2L/ 162 = ((8x8) x 1)/ 162 = 0.395kg/m
Ø 10mm bar = W = D2L/ 162 = ((10x10) x 1)/ 162 = 0.617kg/m
Ø 12mm bar = W = D2L/ 162 = ((12x12) x 1)/ 162 = 0.888kg/m
Ø 16mm bar = W = D2L/ 162 = ((16x16) x 1)/ 162 = 1.580kg/m
Ø 20mm bar = W = D2L/ 162 = ((20x20) x 1)/ 162 = 2.469kg/m
Ø 25mm bar = W = D2L/ 162 = ((25x25) x 1)/ 162 = 3.858kg/m
Weight of reinforcement for 1 feet bar
Ø 8mm bar = W = D2L/ 533 = ((8x8) x 1)/ 533 = 0.120kg/m
Ø 10mm bar = W = D2L/ 533 = ((10x10) x 1)/ 533 = 0.188kg/m
Ø 12mm bar = W = D2L/ 533 = ((12x12) x 1)/ 533 = 0.270kg/m
Ø 16mm bar = W = D2L/ 533 = ((16x16) x 1)/ 533 = 0.480kg/m
Ø 20mm bar = W = D2L/ 533 = ((20x20) x 1)/ 533 = 0.750kg/m
Ø 25mm bar = W = D2L/ 533 = ((25x25) x 1)/ 533 = 1.172kg/m
What is the standard length of the steel bar?
We are using reinforcement for structural members. Its total length of the reinforcement is 12m. In a bundle each rod has 12m length. Some where the reinforcement length is 39 feet to 41 feet.
How convert weight from grams to Weight In KG, Pounds, MilliGram, US Ton, stones, Ounces?
Weight Converter
Type a value in the Grams field to convert the value :
Kilograms:
Milligrams:
Pounds:
Ounces:
Stones:
US ton:
Convert from Grams to KG = x / 1000 (or ) x * 0.001
Convert from Grams to pounds = x * 0.00220462
Convert from Grams to milligrams = x * 1000
Convert from Grams to US Ton = x * 1.1023e-6
Convert from Grams to ounce (oz) = x * 0.035274
Convert from Grams to stones (oz) = x *0.00015747
NOTE: where, (x) = Grams value
Example
We take 520 grams to convert to Kg = 520 x 0.001 = 0.52 Kg
How convert weight from Kg to Weight In Grams, Pounds, MilliGram, US Ton, Ounces?
Convert from KG to grams= x * 1000
Convert from KG to pounds = x * 2.2046
Convert from KG to milligrams = x * 1000000
Convert from KG to US Ton = x * 0.0011023
Convert from KG to ounce (oz) = x * 35.274
NOTE: where, (x) = KG value
Example
We take 2 kg of mango to convert to grams = 2 x 1000 = 2000 g
How convert length from meters to other length measurements ?
Convert from Meters to other Length measurements
Enter the metre numer values
Feet:
Inches:
dm:
cm:
mm:
Yards:
Kilometers:
Miles:
................................................................................................................................................................Convert from Meters to Feet -------------- feet = metre value X 3.28084
Convert from Meters to inches ------------ inches = metre value X 39.370079
Convert from Meters to decimetre --------- decimetre = metre value X 10
Convert from Meters to centimetre -------- centimetre = metre value / 0.01
Convert from Meters to millimetre -------- millimetre = metre value X 1000
Convert from Meters to yards ------------- yards = metre value X 1.093613
Convert from Meters to kilometres -------- kilometre = metre value / 1000
Convert from Meters to miles ------------- miles = metre value X 0.00062137
Example
Take the steel bar length is 12 metres, Now we Convert from Meters to Feet = 12 X 3.28084 = 39.37 ft
Earth work in construction
Earthwork
in construction
|
Contents 1.Earth
work 2.excavation 3.equipment 4.software |
What is earthwork?
Earth work is an engineering task that involves
excavating, transporting, compacting, leveling, dozing the earth surface. The
purpose of earth work is to be used for civil engineering works such as
building construction, road construction, dam construction, etc.
There are various methods following to
excavation depending on the soil condition and layout drawing. Central line
methods are following in several places for excavating new construction work.
Types of excavation:
·
Top
soil excavation
Topsoil
is the upper, outermost layer of earth surface, usually the top layer soil
thickness 5–10 inches (13–25 cm). It content organic matter.
·
Earth
excavation
After
removing top layer soil, the below layer of the top soil is excavated by
excavating equipment.
·
Rock
excavation
The
hard Rock data of the soil is excavated by the rock drilling machine, hydraulic
drilling machine and air pressure drilling machine, etc.
·
Muck
excavation
It
contains excess water and unsuitable soil which that dewatering by using
turbine.
·
Unclassified
excavation
This contains
any combination of material are mingle.
·
Stripping
This
type of continuous strip soil excavation purpose used to be the subsoil having
good bearing capacity.
·
Roadway
excavation
For
traveling purpose between two places the soil is excavating for paving the road
construction.
·
Drainage
or structure excavation
For
the purpose of artificial removal of the surface water and sub-surface water
from an area with excess of water.
· Bridge excavation To construct bridges at the place of valley and water bodies.
· Channel excavation To removing earth materials for trenching, wall shaft, tunneling purpose.
·
Footing
excavation
For constructing
buildings, arches, etc.
·
Borrow
excavation
This
excavation taken place borrowing earth materials one place to another place. It
may be used for grading, filling, mixing with construction materials.
·
Dredge
excavation
This
type of excavation is used for removing take places under water in rivers or
shallow ocean passages.
·
Underground
excavation
This
type of excavation is done for removing underground earth materials for the purposes of tunneling, roads, mining, etc.
·
Back
hoe excavator
·
Drag
line
·
Clam
shell
·
Trenching
machines
·
Power
shovel
·
Bull
dozer
·
Dredgers
·
Scrapers
·
Angle
Dozers
Hand tools for excavation:
1.
Spade,
2.
Shovel
3.
Hoe,
4.
Pick
Axe,
5.
Crow
Bar,
6.
Rammer,
7.
Wedge,
8.
Boning
Rod,
9.
Sledge
Hammer,
10.
Basket,
11.
Iron
Pan,
12.
Line
and Pins,
13.
Trowel,
14.
Mattock
15.
Rack,
Others:
Earth movers
Earth structure
Gabion
Keyline design
Land restoration
Degrading
Spoil tip
Terrace (agriculture)
There is much software used to find out
the volume of earth work calculation.
Generally CAD is used to find the
cutting and filling volume of earth work.
·
12D
·
Cut+Fill
·
n4ce
·
AEC
CutFill
·
Terra
Alpha
·
Civil
3D
·
Carlson
Takeoff
·
Earthwork
4D
·
Business
Centre HCE
·
InSite
SiteWork
·
LisCAD,
etc.