What is foundation? Functions of foundation and Types of foundation?

 

What is foundation?

The foundation of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in direct contact with the ground and transmitting loads to the ground. also foundation known as substructure of the building.

Functions of foundation:

§  Evenly load Distribution of the structure

§  Reduction of load intensity

§  To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material

§  To increase stability of the structure

§  To safety against undermining

Types of foundation:

Foundations are classified in two types

Shallow foundation

Deep foundation

    1. Shallow foundation

a.     Isolated footing

b.    Combined footing strap footing

c.     Grillage footing

d.    Mat or raft footing

2. Deep foundation

a.     Piles foundation

b.     Cofferdams

c.      Caissons foundation

What are the Types of steel Reinforcement?

 Types of steel Reinforcement

There are mainly using three types of reinforcement

1.     REBARS

2.     WIRE REINFORCEMENT

3.     PRESTRESSING STEEL

 

1.REBARS:

It has two types plain reinforcement, deformed reinforcement

Plain reinforcement:

1.     Mild steel bars

2.     Carbon steel bars

3.     Low – Alloy steel bars

 

    Deformed reinforcement:

1.     Mild steel ribbed bars

2.     HYSD bars

a.     CTD bars

b.     TMT bars

3.     Carbon steel bars

4.     Low – Alloy steel bars

5.     Stainless steel bars

6.     Rail and Axle steel bars

7.     Galvanized steel bars

8.     Low carbon chromium bars

9.     Epoxy coated bars

 

2.WIRE REINFORCEMENT:

1.     Hard – Drawn steel wire fabrics

2.     Plain and deformed welded wire fabrics

3.     Epoxy coated steel wire and welded wires

4.     Stainless – steel wire and welded wire

3.PRESTRESSING STEEL

1.     Medium tensile steel bar

2.     High tensile steel bars

How calculate quantity of cement, sand and aggregate in 1m3 of concrete?

 

Concrete mix design for 1m3 of M20 grade concrete

SUMMARY:

1. volume of cement required for 1m3 concrete 403.2 kgs, 1 bag cement weight is 50kgs, so calculate number of cement bags required for 1m3 of concrete, total calculated cement weight divided by one bag cement weight.

                  number of cement bags consume    = 403.2/ 50 

                                                                              = 8.06 

                                                                              ~ 8 bags.

2. volume of sand required for 1m3 of concrete 672kgs, weight of 1 CFT 

sand value is 43.30kgs,, so calculate number of CFT sand required,

                                                Number of CFT    = 672/43.30

                                                                                = 15.51

                                                                                = 16 cft.

3. volume of aggregate required for 1m3 of concrete 1356 Kgs, weight of 1 CFT 

aggregate value is 68.15 kgs, so calculate number of CFT aggregate required,

                                              Number of CFT        = 1356/ 68.15

                                                                                  = 21.47

                                                                                  ~ 21 cft.

Basic Knowledge of Civil Engineering